The Microbial Biotechnology course starts with a general overview and historical development of the field, while also defining and exploring the modern concept of the "Colors" of Biotechnology. It provides fundamental knowledge of microbial genetics, describing their molecular and genetic mechanisms that form the foundation of Microbial Biotechnology applications. Given that omics technologies are among the most important tools nowadays for understanding microbial biology in depth, the course introduces these technologies with a focus on specific microbial genome studies, including their organization and function. Application-wise, the course covers traditional and oxidative fermentations, as well as biotransformations in the food industry and White Biotechnology. Finally, it explores Microbial Biotechnology applications in the production of high-value-added products, such as bioalcohols, organic acids, biofuels, lipids, microbial proteins, and amino acids.